Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

About Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition and one of the most common diagnoses in childhood, with several symptoms present before age 12 and in more than one setting. DSM-5 describes three presentations: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive impulsive, and combined. Inattentive symptoms include difficulty sustaining attention, careless mistakes, not seeming to listen, failing to finish tasks, disorganization, losing things and forgetfulness. Hyperactive and impulsive symptoms include fidgeting, leaving a seat when remaining seated is expected, restlessness, talking excessively, blurting out answers, difficulty waiting and interrupting others. Many children continue to have symptoms in adulthood, though hyperactivity often lessens while inattention persists. ADHD is highly heritable, and research points to differences in dopamine and norepinephrine signaling in brain networks involved in attention and self control. Stimulant medications, including methylphenidate and amphetamine based drugs, are the most widely studied treatment and help a majority of people, while non stimulants such as atomoxetine, guanfacine and clonidine are alternatives. Behavioral approaches, such as parent training for young children, classroom support and cognitive behavioral therapy for adults, help with organization and coping. Treatment is associated with lower risks of accidents, academic difficulties and substance use.